Definitions

Any integrated circuit that also makes use of one or more discrete components; frequently used to describe circuits that combine both photonic and electronic components.

A cryogenic cooler device that is an intermittent Joule-Thomson refrigerator with a passive radiator serving as the precooler. Used for satellite applications, the device has Joule-Thomson and gas...

A wave in the electromagnetic spectrum that has both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

A device where each pixel in the detector array is mated with a preamplifier on a single silicon chip, providing sensing and signal processing capabilities.

A single housing that includes means of recording an image photographically and electronically.

A mode possessing components of both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

A sensor module used in advanced pattern recognition systems, containing signal-processing integrated circuits stacked and connected by a busing circuit.

Device in which the various circuit elements are fabricated in different substrate materials and then appropriately joined together so that the various substrate materials can be chosen to optimize...

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for water. This network structure allows hydrogels to absorb and retain large...

A gas laser having a mixture of gases that makes it useful in the lab. The mixture of gases flows through a pressure and gas-flow-rate-regulated, sealed vessel with such a gain that only the...

A photoreceptor material used in solar cells and in drums for laser printers and high-speed copiers because of its high quantum efficiency over a wide spectral band, high data-rate capability and...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes from the Greek words "hydro," meaning water, and "philos," meaning loving or...

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word hydrophobic comes from the Greek words "hydro," meaning water, and "phobos,"...

Designed to observe objects below the surface of water. Not to be confused with hygroscopic.

An optical fiber's absorption of electromagnetic waves due to hydroxyl ions remaining after contact with water.

In fiber optics, a material whose properties, usually of transmission, are distinctly affected by the absorption of water vapor.

E.I. duPont's trade name for a material used in the jacket of fiber optic cables. It is flame-retardant, thermally stable and resistant to oxidation, ozone and radiation.

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in certain chemical or biological substances upon undergoing a structural change....

The splitting of an element's spectral line as the result of the interactions between the electron spin and the spins of adjacent magnetic nuclei, or the presence of several isotopes in the sample...

That object distance at which a camera must be focused so that the far depth of field just extends to infinity. The near limit of the depth of field is then half the hyperfocal distance. For normal...

A vision defect commonly referred to as farsightedness. Results when the image of a distant object is focused beyond the retina by the relaxed eye. The condition can be corrected by introducing a...

An eyepiece similar to the Huygenian eyepiece, but having an eye lens that is a cemented doublet and that provides more lateral color correction.

With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and exposure.

Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced imaging technique that captures and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. Unlike traditional imaging systems that record only a few...

A hyperspectral imaging camera is a sophisticated imaging device capable of capturing and processing data across a wide range of wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum, typically from...

Hyperspectral resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in the spectral information captured by a hyperspectral imaging system. In hyperspectral imaging, the electromagnetic spectrum is...

A type of stereoscopic photography in which the distance between the two view points is greater than the average interpupillary distance. Therefore, the viewed image will appear to be half its size...

This term literally means "to lag behind.'' It is quite often used to describe the residual effect that remains after the primary effect has been removed, or the lag that exists between the...

Also called calcite. A natural hexagonal crystal of calcium carbonate. It cleaves readily into rhomboids useful in the study of polarized light.

An instrument in which an object's image, produced by a lens of known focal length, is used to determine the object's distance from the instrument when its size is known, or the object's size if the...

A camera tube that employs a high-velocity electron beam to scan a photoemissive mosaic and to store electrical charge patterns.

A crystal that is devoid of any mosaic structure and that can reflect x-rays, relative to the Darwin-Ewald-Prins law.

Any filter in which the range of frequencies within a chosen radius suffers no attenuation and the range of frequencies outside the radius is entirely attenuated.

A theoretical instrument conceived of as a box that receives a beam of radiation of any arbitrary polarization angle and produces a new beam, coaxial with the incident beam, having a specified new...

A system that transmits and receives identification codes to facilitate the discrimination between enemy and friend in a tactical situation.

Pertaining to the possession of photoelectric characteristics as a result of the properties of the true crystal and not of foreign materials.

In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from group III and group V of the periodic table. More specifically, these...

Luminous flux incident per unit area of a surface; luminous incidence. (The use of the term "illumination" for this quantity conflicts with its more general meaning.)

Source of radiation defined or specified by its spectral power distribution.

Metamerism that occurs when the light source is changed.

Characteristic of a surface or object that has luminous flux incident upon it.

A magnifying lens fitted with a battery-operated lamp by which an object can be conveniently illuminated during observation.

A desklike apparatus with an opal glass surface illuminated from beneath by fluorescent tubes. It is equipped with roll holders for aerial films and a low-power microscope or some form of...

The general term for the application of light to a subject. It should not be used in place of the specific quantity illuminance.

Generally, the orientation of rays of light striking a surface.

A photometric instrument used to measure the illumination falling on a surface. It may be photoelectric or visual.

In optics, an image is the reconstruction of light rays from a source or object when light from that source or object is passed through a system of optics and onto an image forming plane. Light rays...

An electro-optic system using, in general form, an evacuated glass envelope with a semitransparent photocathode at one end and a luminescent screen at the other for the amplification of an optical...

The apparent luminance of the image as seen through an optical system. This brightness of the image is determined by the brightness of the object, as well as the transmittance and etendue - or light...