In the quest for energy independence, researchers have studied solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) as a promising source of solar electricity generation. Unlike the photovoltaics currently used in most solar panels, STEGs can harness all kinds of thermal energy in addition to sunlight. These simple devices have hot and cold sides with semiconductor materials in between, and the difference in temperature between the sides generates electricity through a physical phenomenon known as the Seebeck effect. But current STEGs have major efficiency limitations preventing their wider adoption as a practical form of energy production. Right now, most solar thermoelectric generators convert University of Rochester researcher Chunlei Guo tests a solar thermoelectric generator (STEG) etched with femtosecond laser pulses to boost solar energy absorption and efficiency. His lab’s innovative black metal technology design helps create a STEG device 15x more efficient than previous devices, paving the way for new renewable energy technologies. Courtesy of the University of Rochester/J. Adam Fenster. Researchers at the University of Rochester’s Institute of Optics have dramatically reduced this gap in efficiency, developing spectral engineering and thermal management methods to create a STEG device that generates 15x times more power than previous devices. “For decades, the research community has been focusing on improving the semiconductor materials used in STEGs and has made modest gains in overall efficiency,” said Chunlei Guo, a professor of optics and of physics and a senior scientist at Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics. “In this study, we don’t even touch the semiconductor materials — instead, we focused on the hot and the cold sides of the device instead. By combining better solar energy absorption and heat trapping at the hot side with better heat dissipation at the cold side, we made an astonishing improvement in efficiency.” The researchers engineered the high-efficiency STEGs with three strategies. First, on the hot side of the STEG, they used a black metal technology developed in Guo’s lab to transform regular tungsten to selectively absorb light at the solar wavelengths. Using powerful femtosecond laser pulses to etch metal surfaces with nanoscale structures, they enhanced the material’s energy absorption from sunlight, while also reducing heat dissipation at other wavelengths. A close-up of laser-etched nanostructures on the surface of a solar thermoelectric generator. Courtesy of the University of Rochester/J. Adam Fenster. Second, the researchers covered the black metal with a piece of plastic to make what Guo described as a mini greenhouse, just like on a farm. “You can minimize the convection and conduction to trap more heat, increasing the temperature on the hot side,” he said. Lastly, on the cold side of the STEG, the researchers again used femtosecond laser pulses, but this time on regular aluminum, to create a heat sink with tiny structures that improved the heat dissipation through both radiation and convection. This process doubles the cooling performance of a typical aluminum heat dissipator. In the study, Guo and his research team provided a simple demonstration of how their STEGS can be used to power LEDs much more effectively than the current methods. Guo said the technology could also be used to power wireless sensors for the Internet of Things, fuel wearable devices, or serve as off-grid renewable energy systems in rural areas. The research was published in Light: Science and Applications (www.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01916-9).
