Faster, Less Damaging Cell Imaging

Recently published research performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) may breathe new life into the use of a powerful, if tricky, diagnostic technique for cell biology. The paper, which is to be presented in the Biophysical Journal, demonstrates that with improved hardware and better signal processing, a powerful form of molecular vibration spectroscopy can quickly deliver detailed molecular maps of the contents of cells without damaging them. Earlier studies have suggested that, to be useful, the technique would need power levels too high to maintain cell integrity.

Test cells from a mouse are depicted using optical microscopy (left) and using broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (B-CARS; right). The CARS image detects specific molecules to highlight the cell nucleus (green) and intracellular fluid (blue). Images show an area approximately 40 μm across. The B-CARS image represents~17,000 individual spectra. (Image: NIST)

The technique, dubbed broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (B-CARS), is one of several variations on Raman spectroscopy, which measures the frequencies associated with different modes of in the vibration of atoms and their bonds within a molecule. The exact mix of these frequencies is an extremely discriminating ‘fingerprint’ for any particular molecule, so Raman spectroscopy has been used as a chemical microscope that can detail the structure of complex objects by mapping the chemical composition at each point in a three-dimensional space.

In the biosciences, Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect microscopic cellular components such as mitochondria, detect how stem cells differentiate into new forms and distinguish between subtly different cell and tissue types, according to NIST chemist Marcus Cicerone. The technique can, for example, detect minor differences between precancerous and cancerous cells, potentially providing valuable medical diagnostic information. Even better, it does this without the need to add fluorescent dyes or other chemical tags to identify specific proteins.

The catch, Cicerone said, is speed. The usual method, spontaneous Raman scattering, takes a long time to gather enough data to generate a single spectrum – as much as 7 min for fine detail – and that's for each point in the image. “Seven minutes or even 5 s per spectrum is not feasible when we need a million spectra for an image,” he said. CARS, which uses a pair of lasers to pump up the vibrational states and increase signal, is part of the answer. The current breakthroughs for a broadband CARS instrument developed at NIST since 2004, Cicerone said, gets the same information in 50 ms per pixel.

The new catch is power. Recent papers have argued that, to get the necessary data, the lasers used in CARS must run at power levels above the damage threshold for living cells, making the technique nearly useless for clinical purposes. Not quite, according to the NIST team. In their paper, the investigators describe a combination of improved hardware to gather spectra over a very broad range of wavelengths, and a mathematical technique that effectively amplifies the useable signal by examining a portion of signal normally ignored as background interference. The result, Cicerone said, pushes their minimum power level below the damage threshold while retaining the speed of CARS.

“We have all the information that you have in a Raman spectrum but we get it five to 100 times faster,” he said, adding that some obvious modifications should push that higher, opening the door to more widespread use of vibrational spectroscopy in both biology and clinical diagnosis.

For more information, visit: www.nist.gov