Strength of Nanotubes and Nanowires Combined in Hybrid

Hybrid structures have been created that combine the best properties of carbon nanotubes and metal nanowires and could help overcome some of the hurdles to using nanotubes in computer chips, displays, sensors and other electronic devices.

The hybrids were created by a team of researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and were described in a recent issue of Applied Physics Letters.

An electron microscope image of a hybrid structure made from a gold nanowire (middle) and carbon nanotubes. (Images: Rensselaer/Fung Suong Ou)

The high conductivity of carbon nanotubes makes them promising materials for a wide variety of electronic applications, but techniques to attach individual nanotubes to metal contacts have proven challenging. The new approach allows the precise attachment of carbon nanotubes to individual metal pins, offering a practical solution to the problem of using carbon nanotubes as interconnects and devices in computer chips.

“This technique allows us to bridge different pieces of the nanoelectronics puzzle, taking us a step closer to the realization of nanotube-based electronics,” said Fung Suong Ou, the paper’s corresponding author and a graduate student in materials science and electrical engineering.

As chip designers seek to continually increase computing power, they are looking to shrink the dimensions of chip components to the nanometer scale, or about 1-100 billionths of a meter. Carbon nanotubes and nanowires that became available in the 1990s are promising candidates to act as connections at this scale, according to Ou, because they both possess interesting properties.

For example, carbon nanotubes display amazing mechanical strength, and they are excellent conductors of electricity, with the capacity to produce interconnects that are many times faster than current ones based on copper. Gold nanowires also have very interesting optical and electrical properties, and they are compatible with biological applications, Ou said.

“In order to take full advantage of these materials, we demonstrate the idea of combining them to make the next generation of hybrid nanomaterials,” he said. “This approach is a good method to marry the strengths of the two materials.”

The metal nanowires in this technique are made using an alumina template that can be designed to have pore sizes in the nanometer range. Copper or gold wires are deposited inside the pores, and then the entire assembly is placed in a furnace, where a carbon-rich compound is present. When the furnace is heated to high temperatures, the carbon atoms arrange themselves along the channel wall of the template and the carbon nanotubes grow directly on top of the copper wires.

The junction between a gold nanowire (top) and a carbon nanotube.

“It’s a really easy technique, and it could be applied to a lot of other materials,” Ou said. “The most exciting aspect is that it allows you to manipulate and control the junctions between nanotubes and nanowires over several hundred microns of length. The alumina templates are already mass-produced for use in the filter industry, and the technique can be easily scaled up for industrial use.”

To date the team has made hybrid nanowires that combine carbon nanotubes with both copper and gold. But they also are currently working to connect carbon nanotubes to a semiconductor material, which could be used as a diode, according to Ou.

The research was performed under the guidance of Pulickel Ajayan, the Henry Burlage Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer and a world-renowned expert in fabricating nanotube-based materials. Other researchers involved with the project were Robert Vajtai, Derek Benicewicz, Lijie Ci and M.M. Shaijumon.

The research was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Focus Center New York for Electronic Interconnects. For more information, visit: www.rpi.edu