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Photonics Handbook
Optical Design
Measuring Small-Beam MFD: Overcoming the Challenges
Small beams are used in many critical applications yet often they are not directly profiled. While obtaining good beam profiling data on beams under 10 µm has its challenges, they can be overcome with proven techniques.
Optical Design Software: Fundamentals and Potential
Enhanced interface usability in modern design software enables even inexperienced lens designers to build well-performing optical systems. Optical design software allows the user to develop a configuration of optical elements that manipulate the...
Understanding Surface Quality: A Practical Guide
Surface quality has become one of the most poorly understood specifications in the optics industry. A significant portion of the confusion stems from the two major competing (and largely incompatible) standards, Mil-PRF-13830B, and ISO 10110. Both...
Passive Athermalization: Maintaining Optical Performance Over Temperature
An optical system is athermalized if its critical performance parameters (such as modulation transfer function, back focal length and effective focal length, etc.) do not change appreciably over the operating temperature range. For rotationally...
Plastic Optics: Specifying Injection-Molded Polymer Optics
The use of precision polymer optics is becoming an increasing necessity today as products demand sophisticated light handling components to achieve desired results. Polymer optics can be thought of as an important enabling technology allowing the...
Common Lens Formulas
Formulas for lens focal length, magnification, relative aperture (f/#), object-to-image distance, object-to-lens distance, lens-to-image distance and numerical aperture.
Gaussian and Newtonian Thin Lens Formulas
Four important equations from which the image distance and the lateral magnification can be computed for an object at any arbitrary distance from a thin lens.Equation (1) is known as the Gaussian form of the lens equation, after the mathematician...
Illumination Design and Analysis Software: A Vital Tool in the Designer’s Kit
Optical systems design and analysis software is a key element in an optical engineer’s toolkit. Simulation allows virtual tinkering with a system problem before ever creating — and in some cases eliminating — a prototype. The results can be analyzed...
Optical System Design: Keeping the Coatings in Mind
The design of optical systems should balance the coating constraints with the optical and mechanical requirements. Understanding the key properties and limitations of optical coatings enables the system designer to improve the performance of the...
Pressurization
Nano-Optics: New Rules for Optical Components
Operating in the nano-realm offers designers a host of new opportunities. Understanding what to expect in this miniature world is key to successful nano-optic component design. When physical structures get very small — on the order of...
Polygonal Laser Scanners: Fitting the Elements to the Task
Polygonal laser scanning is the technology of choice in a variety of applications. It can be used to write information as in laser marking and printing, direct-to-plate imaging, film recording and laser projection; or as a reader for bar code...
Beamsplitters: A Guide for Designers
With the large variety of beamsplitters available, the designer needs to take many factors into consideration. This article and its illustrations will go a long way toward making the correct choice less of a risk. All curves show typical...
Global Optimization: A Tool for Successful Design
Optical Research Associates’ Global Synthesis (GS) algorithm has been in use for more than ten years. During that time, the algorithm has been applied to numerous types of problems, and has proved remarkably successful with an approach that is...
Optical Objective Systems: A Schematic Guide
Simple Meniscus Lens The simple meniscus lens is almost universally used in inexpensive cameras. To get an image of good quality it must be used with a separate aperture stop, reducing the aperture of the lens and the aberrations and their effects....
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