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Photonics Dictionary

scanning electron microscope

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials characterization, and various industrial applications. Unlike traditional optical microscopes, which use visible light to magnify and image specimens, SEMs use a focused beam of electrons to generate high-resolution images of a sample's surface.


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The basic principle of operation involves focusing a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen. When the electrons interact with the atoms in the sample, various signals are emitted, including secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and characteristic x-rays. These signals provide information about the sample's topography, composition, and other properties.

In an SEM, the electron beam is scanned across the surface of the sample in a raster pattern, and the emitted signals are detected and used to construct an image. SEM images can reveal details at much higher magnifications and resolutions compared to optical microscopy, making it invaluable for studying the microstructure of materials, nanotechnology, biological samples, and other fields.

SEM images can provide detailed information about the morphology, texture, composition, and elemental distribution of samples, allowing researchers and engineers to gain insights into their properties and behavior at the micro- and nanoscale. SEMs are widely used across various scientific disciplines, including materials science, biology, geology, semiconductor manufacturing, and forensic analysis.
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